{ "meta": { "subject": "folklore", "edition": 5, "scope": "Publication-eligible records only.", "record_count": 6 }, "sources": [ { "id": "sna-salhesh-inventory", "title": "The Festival of Salhesh, Bihar, India", "publisher": "Sangeet Natak Akademi / national intangible-cultural-heritage inventory", "url": "https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/events/16478873913423.pdf", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/events/16478873913423.pdf", "verification_note": "Original inventory PDF acquired, text extracted, rendered and visually inspected.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "PDF page1, entire one-page inventory entry", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/sna-salhesh-inventory.pdf", "bytes": 318791, "sha256": "b596997f3515f68daf32790d0bfd53c777962ab751740ba0d59f18923151dd2f", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "folkartopedia-salhesh-sunil-kumar", "title": "लोकगाथा राजा सलहेस: मिथिलांचल क्षेत्र", "publisher": "Folkartopedia; collection credited to Sunil Kumar", "url": "https://www.folkartopedia.com/oral-traditions/folklores/folklore-raja-salhesh-mithila-sk/", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://www.folkartopedia.com/oral-traditions/folklores/folklore-raja-salhesh-mithila-sk/", "verification_note": "Actual published collector account acquired; publication date is not the date of the narrated events or field collection.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": "2020-02-17", "source_locator": "Bihar Folklore series FLN1; Bihar/Nepal; Dusadh/Paswan community attribution", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/folkartopedia-salhesh.html", "bytes": 145220, "sha256": "8fc6fd6e07a09b21a202ff08283151885ba1bc6d2acf3e627f28f78dc7266288", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "ignca-lorik-candayan-pandey", "title": "Maulana Da’ud and Candayan: Shyam Manohar Pandey", "publisher": "Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts", "url": "https://ignca.gov.in/maulana-daud-and-candayan-shyam-manohar-pandey/", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://ignca.gov.in/maulana-daud-and-candayan-shyam-manohar-pandey/", "verification_note": "Actual scholarly lecture excerpt acquired; distinguishes oral epic and literary adaptation.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "Lecture excerpt, paragraphs on Lorik/Candayan", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/ignca-lorik-candayan.html", "bytes": 348469, "sha256": "bc06e9c3e980050d14a3fb05c71cd552d73312185125b907d6f5ae5ab403225a", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "sna-ballad-report-resma", "title": "A Performance Based Critical Analysis of Folk Ballad in Bijnor Region", "publisher": "Project report hosted by Sangeet Natak Akademi ICH scheme; file28-6/ICH-Scheme/2015-16/101", "url": "https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-11/report_63.pdf", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-11/report_63.pdf", "verification_note": "Actual report acquired; the Resma/Chauharmal paragraph on PDF56 was rendered and visually inspected. This is a comparative Bijnor-region report citing Nandlal Kalla2016, not a verbatim Bihar field transcription.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "PDF pages51 and56; printed page39 on PDF56", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/sna-folk-ballad-report.pdf", "bytes": 1236741, "sha256": "1302b08d6100840a0a787b600057edd16250c3e706e194e6e819d5b3ed087a14", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "bihar-tourism-festival-brochure", "title": "Magnificent Bihar — festival spread", "publisher": "Department of Tourism, Government of Bihar", "url": "https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/content/dam/bihar-tourism/e_brochures/magnificient_bihar/magnificent_bihar_english_2017.pdf", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/content/dam/bihar-tourism/e_brochures/magnificient_bihar/magnificent_bihar_english_2017.pdf", "verification_note": "Actual36MB scanned brochure acquired after a transientTLS failure; PDF15 rendered and visually inspected. Filename contains2017; no exact publication day is inferred.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "PDF page15, printed pages26–27, Sama-Chakeva and Bihula panels", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/magnificent-bihar-2017.pdf", "bytes": 36416652, "sha256": "761af2f3a40a054ffc176e9d4edb1d1a3b56a817f72793f16875ab90638c26d7", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "ignca-maithili-songs-mishra", "title": "Classification of Maithili Songs by Kailash Mishra", "publisher": "Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts; Kailash Kumar Mishra", "url": "https://ignca.gov.in/classification-of-maithili-songs-by-kailash-mishra/", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://ignca.gov.in/classification-of-maithili-songs-by-kailash-mishra/", "verification_note": "Actual scholarly account acquired. Belief, seasonal knowledge and song forms are cultural descriptions, not a weather/medical forecast.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "Sections on seasonal songs, festival cycle and wisdom songs", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/ignca-maithili-songs.html", "bytes": 355820, "sha256": "1b459dd09eff4558c285befe195779dae4cc0b2f8fdb01d1b70d1be34a6c7cb5", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "sahapedia-lorik-comparative", "title": "The Tale of Lorik-Chanda/Chandaini in Chhattisgarh", "publisher": "Sahapedia, Chhattisgarh Project team", "url": "https://www.sahapedia.org/the-tale-of-lorik-chandachandaini-chhattisgarh", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://www.sahapedia.org/terms-use", "verification_note": "Actual project module acquired. Cites Bihar as a region of circulation; recorded baans-geet/Nacha performances in this module are Chhattisgarh examples, not Bihar recordings. Source material has CC-BY-NC-SA4.0/additional terms; only original factual description is used, no media/translation reuse.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "Module introduction and comparative-performance paragraphs", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/sahapedia-lorik.html", "bytes": 55575, "sha256": "64653744fe79bb34baa37b51d37afc771d6a5921b143f69fd1d052cfad2831b4", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true }, { "id": "bhagalpur-bihula-manjusha", "title": "About District — Manjusha Art and Bihula-Bishahari", "publisher": "District Administration Bhagalpur / NIC", "url": "https://bhagalpur.nic.in/about-district/", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "rights_url": "https://bhagalpur.nic.in/about-district/", "verification_note": "Actual district account acquired; only the specific link between Manjusha and Bihula-Bishahari is adopted, not unrelated historical superlatives.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "published_at": null, "source_locator": "Historical Significance, Origin of Manjusha Art", "access_file": "data/research/edition5/culture/raw/bhagalpur-about.html", "bytes": 148722, "sha256": "0ec92de4078a427b1360e8b14441c68f59f2a0cd6791d5b307131f8f81b0c468", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "public_eligible": true } ], "datasets": [ { "meta": { "id": "folklore.documented-traditions", "title": "Stories and practices, with their tellers", "record_count": 6, "normalized_at": "2026-10-26", "scope": "Six attributed tradition profiles. These are original factual overviews and short source-specific synopses, not invented authenticated tales or definitive historical biographies." }, "records": [ { "id": "salhesh-tradition", "dataset": "folklore.documented-traditions", "label": "Salhesh", "geography": "Mithila; Bihar and the Nepal borderlands in the cited collection", "geographic_level": "cultural_region", "reference_period": "Documented traditional practice or narrative; not a dated historical event or2026calendar listing", "source_ids": [ "sna-salhesh-inventory", "folkartopedia-salhesh-sunil-kumar" ], "public_eligible": true, "verification_status": "documented_tradition", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "category": "Deity-hero tradition", "claim_type": "folklore_or_tradition", "confidence": "attributed", "estimate_status": "not_applicable", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "full_text_available": false, "slug": "salhesh", "title": "Salhesh", "subtitle": "A deity-hero carried in song, craft and performance", "region": "Mithila; Bihar and the Nepal borderlands in the cited collection", "community": "Dusadh community in the SNA inventory; Dusadh and Paswan in the collector’s attribution", "districtSlugs": [], "photoId": "salhesh-basukibihari-2025", "secondaryPhotoId": "salhesh-gahabar-2026", "summary": "The Salhesh tradition brings a community’s stories into music, enactment and offerings. Its published accounts do not amount to a single canonical biography.", "sections": [ { "title": "A performance, not only a name", "text": "The national inventory identifies Salhesh with the Dusadh community of Mithila. It describes a Bhagat leading the ritual and Manaria performers enacting the legend through song, movement and music, with terracotta horse-riders offered at the close.", "source_ids": [ "sna-salhesh-inventory" ] }, { "title": "One collector’s version", "text": "Sunil Kumar’s published collection follows Salhesh through the intervention of Durga, family alliances and encounters with the Malin sisters. This is one attributed account from the Bihar–Nepal region, not a genealogy that every version must follow.", "source_ids": [ "folkartopedia-salhesh-sunil-kumar" ] }, { "title": "The dates do not merge", "text": "The inventory describes a Shravan observance. The collector also mentions a fair associated with Jud-Shital at the flower grove. These references are kept with their sources; they are not combined into one festival date.", "source_ids": [ "sna-salhesh-inventory", "folkartopedia-salhesh-sunil-kumar" ] } ], "variants": [ { "title": "National inventory account", "text": "Emphasises community identity, ritual performance and craft.", "source_ids": [ "sna-salhesh-inventory" ] }, { "title": "Sunil Kumar’s collected account", "text": "Supplies a particular narrative sequence and relationships from the Bihar–Nepal tradition.", "source_ids": [ "folkartopedia-salhesh-sunil-kumar" ] } ], "caveats": [ "The master pack’s uncle/nephew/commander relationships and conflicting Salhesh–Chauharmal summaries are not merged into a canonical family graph.", "The photographs show contemporary shrines; they do not prove a hero’s historical biography." ] }, { "id": "lorik-chanda-tradition", "dataset": "folklore.documented-traditions", "label": "Lorik–Chanda", "geography": "North and central India, including Bihar; the comparative performance examples cited here are from Chhattisgarh", "geographic_level": "cultural_region", "reference_period": "Documented traditional practice or narrative; not a dated historical event or2026calendar listing", "source_ids": [ "ignca-lorik-candayan-pandey", "sahapedia-lorik-comparative" ], "public_eligible": true, "verification_status": "documented_tradition", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "category": "Oral epic", "claim_type": "folklore_or_tradition", "confidence": "attributed", "estimate_status": "not_applicable", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "full_text_available": false, "slug": "lorik-chanda", "title": "Lorik–Chanda", "subtitle": "An oral epic with more than one way of being told", "region": "North and central India, including Bihar; the comparative performance examples cited here are from Chhattisgarh", "community": "Ahir heroic tradition; Raut/Ahir/Yadav performance context in the comparative source", "districtSlugs": [], "photoId": null, "summary": "Lorik and Chanda’s romance moves between oral performance and written poetry. The account changes with its teller, language and setting.", "sections": [ { "title": "A tale that travels", "text": "Sahapedia documents the tale’s circulation in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh. Its comparison shows how one rendition can foreground Lorik’s courage while another gives more weight to Chanda’s choices and the lovers’ journey.", "source_ids": [ "sahapedia-lorik-comparative" ] }, { "title": "From oral epic to poem", "text": "In an IGNCA lecture, scholar Shyam Manohar Pandey traces Maulana Da’ud’s Candayan to the oral Lorik–Chanda tradition. He dates the Avadhi composition to1379 and discusses its transformation into a Sufi romance. That is a literary date, not a date for Lorik’s life.", "source_ids": [ "ignca-lorik-candayan-pandey" ] }, { "title": "Hear the difference", "text": "The linked comparative module includes a recitative baans-geet form and a dramatised Nacha rendition from Chhattisgarh. They are useful listening references, explicitly identified by region rather than presented as recordings made in Bihar.", "source_ids": [ "sahapedia-lorik-comparative" ] } ], "variants": [ { "title": "Oral performance", "text": "The voice, sequence and emphasis vary between performers and regions.", "source_ids": [ "sahapedia-lorik-comparative" ] }, { "title": "Candayan", "text": "A literary Sufi adaptation discussed by Pandey, not a verbatim transcript of every oral version.", "source_ids": [ "ignca-lorik-candayan-pandey" ] } ], "caveats": [ "No single Bihar village, date of birth or complete canonical plot is inferred.", "No copyrighted performance, translation or whole literary retelling is republished." ] }, { "id": "reshma-chauharmal-tradition", "dataset": "folklore.documented-traditions", "label": "Reshma–Chauharmal", "geography": "Anjani near Mokama, Patna, in the cited account", "geographic_level": "cultural_region", "reference_period": "Documented traditional practice or narrative; not a dated historical event or2026calendar listing", "source_ids": [ "sna-ballad-report-resma" ], "public_eligible": true, "verification_status": "documented_tradition", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "category": "Heroic ballad", "claim_type": "folklore_or_tradition", "confidence": "attributed", "estimate_status": "not_applicable", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "full_text_available": false, "slug": "reshma-chauharmal", "title": "Reshma–Chauharmal", "subtitle": "Keep the named version attached to the hero", "region": "Anjani near Mokama, Patna, in the cited account", "community": "Dusadh community, as identified in the cited report", "districtSlugs": [ "patna" ], "photoId": null, "summary": "The master pack combines incompatible Chauharmal stories. A checked report supplies a shorter, specifically attributed account under the title Resma.", "sections": [ { "title": "What this source actually records", "text": "A folk-ballad project report summarises Resma as a story of Chauharmal at Anjani near Mokama. In that account, Durga helps him confront Ajabi Singh. It also mentions worship and a fair associated with his wrestling ground.", "source_ids": [ "sna-ballad-report-resma" ] }, { "title": "A summary has limits", "text": "The passage appears in a comparative study of the Bijnor region, citing Nandlal Kalla. It is not a full performance transcript or a newly recorded Bihar interview. We do not add the pack’s unverified ending or force this account into Salhesh’s family tree.", "source_ids": [ "sna-ballad-report-resma" ] } ], "variants": [ { "title": "Resma in the checked report", "text": "The report’s short heroic account is retained as one source-specific version.", "source_ids": [ "sna-ballad-report-resma" ] } ], "caveats": [ "The source overview is brief; this profile does not pretend to offer the complete ballad.", "A legendary conflict or divine intervention is presented as narrative tradition, not verified historical occurrence." ] }, { "id": "sama-chakeva-tradition", "dataset": "folklore.documented-traditions", "label": "Sama-Chakeva", "geography": "Mithila", "geographic_level": "cultural_region", "reference_period": "Documented traditional practice or narrative; not a dated historical event or2026calendar listing", "source_ids": [ "bihar-tourism-festival-brochure", "ignca-maithili-songs-mishra" ], "public_eligible": true, "verification_status": "documented_tradition", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "category": "Festival tradition", "claim_type": "folklore_or_tradition", "confidence": "attributed", "estimate_status": "not_applicable", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "full_text_available": false, "slug": "sama-chakeva", "title": "Sama-Chakeva", "subtitle": "Clay birds, a sibling bond and a seasonal farewell", "region": "Mithila", "community": "Household and community observance in Mithila; practices vary", "districtSlugs": [], "photoId": "sama-chakeva-mithila-2021", "secondaryPhotoId": "sama-chakeva-figures-2019", "summary": "Small clay figures make a seasonal story tangible. Bihar Tourism describes Sama-Chakeva through bird forms, ritual and the relationship between brothers and sisters.", "sections": [ { "title": "A story made by hand", "text": "The tourism brochure describes girls shaping and decorating clay birds for the observance. It associates the festival with the seasonal arrival of birds and the bond between siblings, ending with a farewell and the wish for their return.", "source_ids": [ "bihar-tourism-festival-brochure" ] }, { "title": "Keep the calendar local", "text": "Kailash Mishra’s account includes Sama-Chakeba within Mithila’s cycle of festival songs. These sources document a recurring practice; they do not supply a checked Gregorian date for2026 or one compulsory household sequence.", "source_ids": [ "ignca-maithili-songs-mishra" ] } ], "variants": [], "caveats": [ "The photographs document contemporary figures, not a historical origin story.", "The pack’s unspecified motif titles are not substituted for a documented Sama-Chakeva tale." ] }, { "id": "bihula-bishahari-tradition", "dataset": "folklore.documented-traditions", "label": "Bihula–Bishahari", "geography": "Anga; Bhagalpur and eastern Bihar in the cited sources", "geographic_level": "cultural_region", "reference_period": "Documented traditional practice or narrative; not a dated historical event or2026calendar listing", "source_ids": [ "bihar-tourism-festival-brochure", "bhagalpur-bihula-manjusha" ], "public_eligible": true, "verification_status": "documented_tradition", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "category": "Festival and visual narrative", "claim_type": "folklore_or_tradition", "confidence": "attributed", "estimate_status": "not_applicable", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "full_text_available": false, "slug": "bihula-bishahari", "title": "Bihula–Bishahari", "subtitle": "Where the festival and Manjusha painting meet", "region": "Anga; Bhagalpur and eastern Bihar in the cited sources", "community": "Bhagalpur’s Bihula-Bishahari observance; no exclusive community boundary inferred", "districtSlugs": [ "bhagalpur" ], "photoId": null, "summary": "Bihula-Bishahari connects an eastern Bihar festival with Manjusha art. The narrative travels in painted characters as well as in worship.", "sections": [ { "title": "Figures that carry the narrative", "text": "The official tourism brochure describes worship of Mansa or Bishahri for family welfare and protection from snakes. It connects the festival with Manjusha works depicting characters from the associated mythology.", "source_ids": [ "bihar-tourism-festival-brochure" ] }, { "title": "A local cultural link", "text": "Bhagalpur’s district account independently links Manjusha with the Bihula-Bishahari festival. This profile follows that documented connection without inventing a single complete plot, an origin date or an authenticated historic voyage.", "source_ids": [ "bhagalpur-bihula-manjusha" ] } ], "variants": [], "caveats": [ "Mansa, Bishahri and Bishahari are retained as names used in the cited accounts, not collapsed into a new canonical genealogy.", "No source festival photograph or unlicensed Manjusha reproduction is copied." ] }, { "id": "maithili-seasonal-songs", "dataset": "folklore.documented-traditions", "label": "Maithili seasonal songs", "geography": "Mithila, described by the scholar as north Bihar and Nepal’s Terai", "geographic_level": "cultural_region", "reference_period": "Documented traditional practice or narrative; not a dated historical event or2026calendar listing", "source_ids": [ "ignca-maithili-songs-mishra" ], "public_eligible": true, "verification_status": "documented_tradition", "rights_status": "original_attributed_factual_summary", "category": "Song tradition", "claim_type": "folklore_or_tradition", "confidence": "attributed", "estimate_status": "not_applicable", "rights_note": "Original attributed factual profile and short synopsis only. Source texts, recordings, translations, images and whole retellings are not reproduced. No blanket open licence or historical certification is asserted.", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-26", "full_text_available": false, "slug": "maithili-seasonal-songs", "title": "Maithili seasonal songs", "subtitle": "A year remembered through changing weather and absence", "region": "Mithila, described by the scholar as north Bihar and Nepal’s Terai", "community": "Maithili-speaking cultural region; categories describe songs rather than an exhaustive community inventory", "districtSlugs": [], "photoId": null, "summary": "In Kailash Mishra’s classification, the months organise longing, festivals and practical knowledge. The calendar is something sung as well as counted.", "sections": [ { "title": "Time in the song", "text": "Mishra discusses Barahmasa and related seasonal forms, where the passing months give shape to separation and the absent partner. He places them beside songs for festivals and household occasions.", "source_ids": [ "ignca-maithili-songs-mishra" ] }, { "title": "Knowledge, with its context", "text": "The same study records sayings and songs about crops, weather and monthly conduct. They are evidence of a cultural knowledge tradition—not a validated weather model, a medical instruction or a guarantee about the next season. No song lyric is reproduced here.", "source_ids": [ "ignca-maithili-songs-mishra" ] } ], "variants": [], "caveats": [ "The scholar’s classification is one published account, not a complete census of Maithili song.", "No audio, living performer’s words or copyrighted lyrics are republished." ] } ] } ] }